Women and Birth
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 35-40 , March 2009

What do midwives need to understand/know about smoking in pregnancy?

Received 21 September 2008 ,Revised 7 November 2008 ,Accepted 7 November 2008.

References 

  1. Dempsey D, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Accelerated metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant smokers. Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics. 2002;301(2):594–598
  2. McCurry N, Thompson K, Parahoo K, O’Doherty E, Doherty A. Pregnant women's perception of the implementation of smoking cessation advice. Health Education Journal. 2002;61(1):20–31
  3. McBride C, Curry S, Lando H, Pirie P, Grothaus L, Nelson J. Prevention of relapse in women who quit smoking during pregnancy. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89:706–711
  4. Ng N. Professional: smoking cessation programme: an ethical analysis. Modern Midwife. 1997;7(8):23–27
  5. CDC. National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): Glossary of Terms [online], 2007 [cited July 3 2007]; Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/tobacco/nhis_togloss.htm.
  6. Cottler L. Comparing DSM-III-R and ICD-10 substance use disorders. Addiction. 1993;88:689–696
  7. Lumley J, Oliver S, Chamberlain C, Oakley L . Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;4:Art. No.: CD001055
  8. Colman GJ, Joyce T. Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy in ten states. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003;24(1):29–35
  9. Lindqvist R, Ãberg H. Who stops smoking during pregnancy?. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001;80(2):137
  10. Siahpush M. Why is lone-motherhood so strongly associated with smoking?. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2004;28(1):37–42
  11. Paterson J, Neimanis I, Bain E. Stopping smoking during pregnancy. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2003;94(4):297
  12. Siahpush M, Borland R, Scollo M. Factors associated with smoking cessation in a national sample of Australians. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2003;5(4):597–602
  13. Hakansson A, Lendahls L, Petersson C. Which women stop smoking?. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1999;78(3):217
  14. Severson H, Andrews J, Lichtenstein E, Wall M, Zoref L. Predictors of smoking during and after pregnancy: a survey of mothers of newborns. Preventive Medicine. 1995;24:23–28
  15. Schmidt S. Nicotine addiction. Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2004;15(2):15
  16. Sterling P. Principles of allostasis: optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics. In:  Schulkin J editors. Allostasis, homeostasis, and the costs of adaptation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004;
  17. Nieoullon A, Coqueral A. Dopamine: a key regulator to adapt action, emotion, motivation and cognition. Current Opinion Neurology. 2003;16(Suppl. 2):23–29
  18. Lowinson J, Ruiz P, Millman R, Langrod J. Substance abuse. A comprehensive textbook. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005;
  19. West R. Theories of addiction. Addiction. 2001;96(1):3–13
  20. Lendahls L, Öhman L, Liljestrand J, Håkansson A. Women's experiences of smoking during and after pregnancy as ascertained two to three years after birth. Midwifery. 2002;18(3):214–222
  21. Gifford E, Humphreys K. The psychological science of addiction. Addiction. 2007;102(3):352–361
  22. Glautier S. Measures and models of nicotine dependence: positive reinforcement. Addiction. 2004;99(s1):30–50
  23. Orleans C, Slade J. Nicotine addiction: principles and management. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993;
  24. Munafo M, Drury M, Wakley G, Chambers R, Murphy M. Smoking cessation matters in primary care. Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2003;
  25. Van der Riet P. Massaging cancer patients and their experience of embodiment. Townsville: James Cook University; 1999;
  26. Koob G. Stress, corticotropin-releasing factor and drug addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999;897:27–45
  27. Hukkanen J, Dempsey D, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Effect of pregnancy on a measure of FMO3 activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2005;60(2):224–226
  28. Pletsch PK, Kratz AT. Why do women stop smoking during pregnancy? Cigarettes taste and smell bad. Health Care for Women International. 2004;25(7):671–679
  29. Tortora G, Anagnostakos N. Principles of anatomy and physiology. 6th ed.. New York: Harper and Row; 1990;
  30. Stotts AL, DiClemente CC, Carbonari JP, Mullen PD. Postpartum return to smoking: staging a “Suspended” behaviour. Health Psychology. 2000;19(4):315–323
  31. Hunt S. Pregnancy, poverty and health care. Edinburgh: Books for Midwives; 2004;
  32. Irwin L, Johnson J, Bottorff J. Mothers who smoke: confessions and justifications. Health Care for Women International. 2005;26(7):577–590
  33. Pletsch P, Morgan S, Pieper A. Context and beliefs about smoking and smoking cessation. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 2003;28(5):320–325
  34. Stillman S. Smoking and quitting smoking: crucial issues for women. Australian Journal of Primary Health - Interchange. 1998;4(3):
  35. Isohanni M, Oja H, Moilanen I, Koiranen M, Rantakallio P. Smoking or quitting during pregnancy: associations with background and future social factors. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1995;23(1):
  36. Lu Y, Tong S, Oldenburg B. Determinants of smoking and cessation during and after pregnancy. Health Promotion International. 2001;16(4):355–365
  37. Castles A, Adams E, Melvin C, Kelsch C, Boulton M. Effects of smoking during pregnancy: five meta-analyses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1999;16(3):208–215
  38. Begley A. Barriers to good nutrient intakes during pregnancy: a qualitative analysis. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2002;59(3):175–180
  39. Scott J. Maternal nutrition and pregnancy outcome. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2002;59(3):173–174
  40. Andersen A, Mortensen L. Socioeconomic inequality in birth outcomes: what do the indicators tell us, and where do we find the data?. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174(10):1429–1430
  41. Luo Z-C, Wilkins R, Kramer MS. Effect of neighbourhood income and maternal education on birth outcomes: a population-based study. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174(10):1415–1420
  42. Green NS, Damus K, Simpson JL, Iams J, Reece EA, Hobel CJ, et al. Research agenda for preterm birth: recommendations from the March of Dimes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2005;193(3):626–635
  43. Boggess KA, Moss K, Murtha A, Offenbacher S, Beck JD. Antepartum vaginal bleeding, fetal exposure to oral pathogens and risk for preterm birth at <35 weeks of gestation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006;194(4):954–960
  44. Michalowicz BS, Hodges JS, DiAngelis AJ, Lupo VR, Novak MJ, Ferguson JE, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease and the risk of preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;355(18):1885–1894
  45. Moliterno L, Monteiro B, Figuerdo C, Fischer R. Association between periodontitis and low birth weight: a case control study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2005;32:886–890
  46. Boggess KA, Beck JD, Murtha AP, Moss K, Offenbacher S. Maternal periodontal disease in early pregnancy and risk for a small-for-gestational-age infant. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006;194(5):1316–1322
  47. Boggess KA, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Maternal periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003;101(2):227–231
  48. Gilbert E. Contextualising the medical risks of cigarette smoking: Australian young women's perceptions of anti-smoking campaigns.. Health, Risk & Society. 2005;7(3):227–245
  49. Marshall H, Woollett A. Fit to reproduce? The regulative role of pregnancy texts. Feminism Psychology. 2000;10(3):351–366
  50. Denscombe M. Uncertain identities and health-risking behaviour: the case of young people and smoking in late modernity. British Journal of Sociology. 2001;52(1):157–177
  51. Walsh R, Redman S, Adamson L. The accuracy of self-report of smoking status in pregnant women. Addictive Behaviors. 1996;21(5):675–679
  52. Ebert L, Fahy K. Why do women continue to smoke in pregnancy?. Women and Birth. 2007;20(4):161–168
  53. ACM . Philosophy for midwifery. Australian College of Midwives; 2004;
  54. ANMC . National competency standards for the midwife. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council; 2006;
  55. Davies B. The problem of desire. Social problems. 1990;37(4):501–516
  56. Squires C. The social context of birth. Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2003;
  57. McBride C, Emmons K, Lipkus I. Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Education Research. 2003;18(2):156–170
  58. Guilliland K, Pairman S. The Midwifery partnership: a Model for Practice. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington; 1995.
  59. Fahy K. Marginalised mothers. PhD. Brisbane: University of Queensland; 1996.
  60. Ortendahl M. Smoking as a decision among pregnant and non-pregnant women. Addictive Behaviors. 2006;31(10):1806–1819
  61. Pickett K, Wakschlag L, Lanting D, Bennett L. Fluctuations of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003;101(1):140–147

PII: S1871-5192(08)00105-4

doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2008.11.001

Women and Birth
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 35-40 , March 2009

Article Tools